INVESTIGATION OF BREAST CANCER KNOWLEDGE AND ITS EFFECT ON PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINIC IN SELECTED HOSPITALS IN BENIN METROPOLIS

Abstract

This study investigated breast cancer knowledge among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in selected hospitals in Benin Metropolis, utilizing a quantitative survey research design. A structured questionnaire was developed to collect data from a sample of 120 respondents, covering aspects such as breast cancer awareness, healthcare-seeking behaviors, and the impact of demographic factors on breast cancer knowledge. Hypotheses were formulated and tested using t-test analysis to explore relationships between educational background, socioeconomic status, access to healthcare services, and breast cancer knowledge among pregnant women. Findings revealed significant associations between educational background and breast cancer knowledge, highlighting the pivotal role of education in fostering awareness and understanding of the disease. Additionally, socioeconomic status was found to influence the level of breast cancer knowledge, indicating disparities in access to information and resources among different socioeconomic groups. Moreover, access to healthcare services was positively associated with breast cancer knowledge, emphasizing the importance of healthcare providers in disseminating accurate information and providing support to pregnant women. Overall, the study contributes valuable insights into breast cancer awareness among pregnant women and underscores the need for targeted educational interventions, enhanced access to healthcare services, and multidisciplinary collaboration to improve breast cancer outcomes in this vulnerable population. Recommendations include strengthening educational programs, targeting vulnerable groups, and promoting multidisciplinary collaboration to address disparities in breast cancer knowledge and access to care among pregnant women.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Breast cancer remains a formidable global health challenge, particularly among women, with its prevalence steadily increasing over the years (Fregene & Newman, 2021). This disease not only affects the physical health of women but also impacts their psychological and emotional well-being. While breast cancer predominantly affects postmenopausal women, its occurrence during pregnancy poses unique clinical and management challenges (Jones, 2019). The hormonal changes and physiological adaptations associated with pregnancy complicate the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in this population. Moreover, pregnant women facing breast cancer may encounter complexities related to treatment decisions, balancing the need for cancer treatment with the safety of the developing fetus (Anyanwu, 2020).

Pregnant women facing breast cancer may encounter complexities related to diagnosis, treatment decisions, and the potential impact on both maternal and fetal health (Amir et al., 2019). Diagnostic procedures such as mammography and biopsies raise concerns about radiation exposure and the potential risk to the fetus. Additionally, treatment options such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy need to be carefully evaluated to minimize harm to both the mother and the developing fetus (Okobia & Osime, 2020). The decision-making process becomes even more challenging as pregnant women must weigh the benefits of cancer treatment against the risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Understanding the level of breast cancer knowledge among pregnant women is crucial for effective prevention, early detection, and management strategies (Odusanya & Tayo, 2021). Limited awareness and understanding of breast cancer among pregnant women may lead to delays in seeking medical care and accessing appropriate treatment. Education and awareness campaigns tailored to pregnant women can help empower them to make informed decisions about their health during pregnancy (Hadi et al., 2020). Moreover, healthcare providers play a vital role in providing accurate information and guidance to pregnant women facing breast cancer, ensuring they receive timely and appropriate care (Montazeri et al., 2021).

Effective prevention and early detection strategies are essential for reducing the burden of breast cancer among pregnant women (Salaudeen et al., 2019). Regular breast self-examination and clinical breast examinations can facilitate the early detection of breast abnormalities, enabling prompt medical evaluation and intervention (Gakwaya et al., 2020). Additionally, promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors such as maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, and limiting alcohol consumption can help reduce the risk of developing breast cancer during pregnancy (Ahmed et al., 2020). Integrating breast cancer screening and education into routine prenatal care can further enhance awareness and facilitate early detection efforts (Abimbola & Oladepo, 2020).

In essence, breast cancer poses significant challenges for pregnant women, requiring careful consideration of diagnosis, treatment, and potential impacts on maternal and fetal health. Understanding the level of breast cancer knowledge among pregnant women is essential for informing targeted education and intervention efforts aimed at promoting early detection and effective management. By raising awareness and providing support to pregnant women facing breast cancer, healthcare providers can improve maternal and fetal outcomes and contribute to reducing the burden of this disease on families and communities.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Despite the significant strides made in breast cancer research and healthcare, pregnant women facing breast cancer still encounter notable gaps in knowledge, access to care, and decision-making processes. While breast cancer predominantly affects postmenopausal women, its occurrence during pregnancy presents unique clinical and management challenges (Jones, 2019). Limited understanding and awareness of breast cancer among pregnant women contribute to delays in seeking medical care and accessing appropriate treatment (Odusanya & Tayo, 2021). Furthermore, diagnostic procedures such as mammography and biopsies raise concerns about radiation exposure and potential risks to the developing fetus, complicating the decision-making process for both patients and healthcare providers (Anyanwu, 2020).

The lack of targeted educational interventions and support services tailored to pregnant women facing breast cancer exacerbates the problem (Hadi et al., 2020). Pregnant women often receive inadequate information about breast cancer risks, symptoms, and treatment options, leading to confusion and anxiety (Montazeri et al., 2021). Additionally, healthcare providers may lack the specialized training and resources needed to address the unique needs of this population, further hindering effective care delivery (Salaudeen et al., 2019).

Moreover, socio-economic factors such as limited access to healthcare services and financial constraints may disproportionately affect pregnant women's ability to seek timely and appropriate care (Ahmed et al., 2020). Disparities in healthcare access and utilization contribute to disparities in breast cancer outcomes among pregnant women, highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions to address these inequities (Abimbola & Oladepo, 2020).

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The specific objectives of this study were as follows:

1. To assess the level of breast cancer knowledge among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in selected hospitals in Benin Metropolis.

2. To explore the factors influencing breast cancer knowledge among pregnant women.

3. To examine the perceived impact of breast cancer knowledge on maternal health-seeking behaviors and decision-making processes during pregnancy.

1.4 Research Questions

The study addressed the following research questions:

1. What is the level of breast cancer knowledge among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in selected hospitals in Benin Metropolis?

2. What are the factors that influence breast cancer knowledge among pregnant women?

3. How does breast cancer knowledge impact maternal health-seeking behaviors and decision-making processes during pregnancy?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The following hypotheses were formulated for the study:

1. There is no significant relationship between educational background and breast cancer knowledge among pregnant women.

2. Socio-economic status influences the level of breast cancer knowledge among pregnant women.

3. Access to healthcare services is positively associated with breast cancer knowledge among pregnant women.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The anticipated outcomes of this study hold significant promise in enriching the current body of literature concerning breast cancer awareness and education among pregnant women. Through a thorough examination of breast cancer knowledge levels and their influence on maternal health-seeking behaviors, this research endeavors to furnish healthcare providers, policymakers, and public health authorities with vital insights. By shedding light on the intricate relationship between breast cancer awareness and maternal health behaviors, the study aims to underscore the necessity of tailored educational interventions for this vulnerable demographic. Furthermore, the findings may serve as a catalyst for the formulation of targeted strategies aimed at enhancing early detection practices and fostering improved maternal and child health outcomes.

The study's potential to enhance understanding within the field of breast cancer awareness and education among pregnant women is substantial. By meticulously evaluating the breadth and depth of breast cancer knowledge among this population, the research seeks to uncover nuanced insights that can inform the development of more effective educational initiatives. Through a comprehensive analysis of the impact of breast cancer knowledge on maternal health-seeking behaviors, the study endeavors to elucidate the intricate dynamics at play and identify areas ripe for intervention.

Furthermore, the study's findings have the potential to yield far-reaching implications for healthcare providers, policymakers, and public health authorities. By illuminating the critical link between breast cancer awareness and maternal health behaviors, the research can provide invaluable guidance to healthcare professionals tasked with caring for pregnant women. Armed with a deeper understanding of the factors influencing maternal health-seeking behaviors, providers can tailor their approaches to better meet the needs of this vulnerable population.

Moreover, the study holds promise in informing the development of targeted interventions aimed at bolstering breast cancer awareness and education among pregnant women. By pinpointing areas of deficiency in knowledge and understanding, the research can guide the design of educational initiatives that address specific gaps and cater to the unique needs of pregnant women. Through the implementation of such interventions, policymakers and public health authorities can work towards empowering pregnant women with the knowledge and resources necessary to make informed decisions about their health and well-being.

Additionally, the study's insights may pave the way for the enhancement of early detection practices, thereby contributing to improved maternal and child health outcomes. By identifying barriers to early detection and exploring strategies to overcome them, the research can play a pivotal role in mitigating the impact of breast cancer on pregnant women and their children. Through the implementation of targeted interventions aimed at promoting early detection, policymakers and public health authorities can work towards reducing the burden of breast cancer on maternal and child health.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The study focused on pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in selected hospitals in Benin Metropolis. It examined their level of breast cancer knowledge, explored influencing factors, and assessed the perceived impact on maternal health-seeking behaviors. The study did not delve into clinical aspects of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment but rather emphasized the socio-behavioral dimensions of breast cancer awareness among pregnant women.

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms

Breast cancer knowledge: Refers to pregnant women's understanding of breast cancer risk factors, symptoms, screening methods, and treatment options.

Antenatal clinics: Refers to healthcare facilities where pregnant women receive prenatal care and screening services.

Maternal health-seeking behaviors: Refers to the actions and decisions pregnant women undertake to seek healthcare services and information related to their own health during pregnancy.

Socio-economic status: Refers to an individual's or household's economic and social standing, often determined by factors such as income, education, and occupation.

Educational background: Refers to the level of formal education attained by an individual, typically measured by years of schooling completed or highest educational qualification obtained.

Access to healthcare services: Refers to the availability, affordability, and utilization of healthcare services by individuals or communities, influenced by factors such as geographic location, health insurance coverage, and healthcare infrastructure.

Early detection practices: Refers to screening behaviors and diagnostic activities aimed at identifying breast cancer at an early stage when treatment is more effective and outcomes are generally more favorable.

Perceived impact: Refers to pregnant women's subjective beliefs and interpretations regarding how breast cancer knowledge influences their attitudes, behaviors, and decision-making processes during pregnancy.